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Noam Chomsky's work in linguistics introduced the revolutionary theory of Universal Grammar, which posits that humans are born with an inherent ability to acquire language. This theory suggests that despite the vast diversity of languages across cultures, there are common structures underlying all of them. Chomsky argued that children develop language naturally and effortlessly, indicating that the capacity for language is not merely learned through imitation but is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, largely influenced by genetic factors.

The answer focuses on language because it encapsulates Chomsky's key contributions and insights into how humans communicate and understand linguistic structures. While mathematics, social skills, and reading are all important components of human development, Chomsky's specific emphasis was on the innate mechanisms that facilitate language acquisition. Thus, this option captures the essence of his linguistic theories.