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Fluency in a language is crucial for understanding and processing spoken language, particularly in tasks involving phonemic restoration, where listeners fill in missing sounds based on context. In this context, the group with 10 years of English instruction is expected to show the greatest effect because they have the most extensive experience and familiarity with the language.

With increased exposure and practice, this group would have developed a deeper understanding of phonemic structure and linguistic nuances, allowing them to more effectively use context cues to restore missing phonemes in speech. Their heightened fluency enables them to make quicker and more accurate predictions about missing sounds, resulting in a stronger phonemic restoration effect.

In contrast, groups with lesser English instruction would have limited exposure to the intricacies of the language, which could hinder their ability to fully engage in tasks that require high-level phonemic processing. The group with no English instruction would likely show the least effect since they lack the foundational knowledge and experience necessary to process spoken language effectively in English.