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The concept that best describes the cognitive process of understanding and interpreting language is language processing. This involves the mental activities associated with decoding, comprehending, and making sense of spoken or written language. Language processing encompasses a variety of skills, including deciphering grammatical structures, grasping meanings, and integrating context to derive understanding from words and sentences.

In contrast, language learning refers to the acquisition of new language skills and encompasses the broader journey of mastering language, including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Language recognition specifically pertains to identifying and detecting language within a given context, rather than fully understanding it. Language production focuses on the ability to create and express thoughts through language, which is more about output rather than the cognitive understanding of incoming language input. Each of these concepts plays a role in overall language cognition, but language processing most accurately defines the specific act of understanding and interpreting what is communicated.